以树木年轮宽度资料重建湟水河过去248年来6-7月份河流径流量

基于树轮宽度指标,精确重建了黄河上游一级支流湟水河过去248年来6-7月份河流径流量,发现湟水河6-7月份径流量有明显的枯水期和丰水期的变化。重建结果与历史记载的相对旱涝时期比较吻合,证明了重建结果的可靠性。其中枯水期为:1753-1766年、1785-1802年、1815-1832年、1861-1887年、1918-1941年、1963-1978年、1993-1998年;丰水期为:1767-1784年、1803-1814年、1834-1860年、1891-1916年、1944-1961年、1979-1992年。周期分析表明,湟水河过去近250年6-7月份径流量有明显的2.00a、2.29a、2.31a、2.33a、2.35a、34.29a、40.00a和48.00a的变化周期。     

Effects of lodging of Echinochloa crus-galli L. on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951, a mycoherbicide using Drechslera monoceras (Drechsler) Subram. et Jain (= Exserohilum monoceras [Drechsler] Leonard et Suggs)

MTB-951 is a plant pathogen ( Drechslera monoceras ), which was isolated from native Echinochloa spp. in Japan. The conidia of this pathogen were used as the herbicidal active ingredient to control Echinochloa crus-galli L. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 on E. crus-galli was drastically increased with an increasing water depth of between 1 and 10 cm. The efficacy also was increased when shoots were lodged by pushing down on them with a stainless steel net so that all parts of the weed were submerged. These results suggest that the contact area of the leaf surface of E. crus-galli with water is important for infection and that lodging the shoots of E. crus-galli might be effective in increasing the herbicidal efficacy. In order to find other methods to lodge the weed, we investigated several materials, of which diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was found to be the most effective. Using this material as a model, the effect of lodging on the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 was examined. The lodging ratio (ratio of the number of the plants lodged on the water surface to that of the total plants) was increased with an increased amount of DINP, between 0.5 and 8 kg ha⁻¹. The herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951 also was increased by DINP and a positive correlation was observed between the lodging ratio and herbicidal efficacy. These results indicate that lodging, which can increase the contact area between the leaf surface and water, enhances the herbicidal efficacy of MTB-951.     

不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响

从施肥技术和栽培措施两者相结合角度,通过大田试验对不同移栽深度结合一次性双层施肥对烤烟生长及产量品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽能够促进烤烟生长发育,提高前期根系活力,增加根系一级侧根数目、根系干物质、烟株株高、茎围、有效叶片效、单株有效叶面积、地上部烟株干重和地上部干物质积累速率.与对照相比,壮苗一次性双层施肥9叶移栽烟叶产量增加145.5 kg/hm2,产值增加2 130元/hm2,烟叶均价增加0.46元/kg;同时,烟碱和总氮含量比对照下降了0.41%,总糖含量提高了1.57%,总糖/蛋白质和氮/碱比更趋协调.     

渭河下游水沙变化趋势分析

本文通过对近6年渭河下游水沙量数据的统计和分析得出,渭河下游河段年内多沙期较河流主汛期有所提前;年径流量和年输沙量的变化趋势基本一致,而且自60年代至2005年华县站的水沙量持续呈递减趋势;河流的冲淤情况与该河段的降雨量有着直接的关系,当年平均降雨量小的时候河流以淤积为主,当年平均降雨量大的时候河流以冲蚀为主。针对这些特征,分析了渭河下游目前存在的主要问题。     

塔里木河流域水量变化对生态环境影响分析

本文以塔里木河流域的10个水文站1961~2000年观测资料为基础,对塔里木河流域的径流变化及其对下游生态环境影响进行了分析。分析得出:(1)20世纪60年代以来,塔里木河各源流的出山口径流量增加23.82×108m3,增幅达14.97%,但是,能汇入塔里木河干流的水量并没有增加,而且比60年代减少了8.8×108m3,减幅达17.41%。(2)近40年以来,由于塔里木河干流上中游地区的耕地面积急剧扩大,用水量剧增,使下游的来水量比60年代减少7.72×108m3,减幅达76.13%。(3)由于塔里木河上中游耗水量的增加,塔里木河下游来水量逐年减少以至断流,由此造成下游生态环境出现较大的变化,主要表现有:河水盐化严重,灾害性天气出现的次数大幅增加,河道断流,地下水位下降,天然植被严重衰败,沙漠化过程加重。(4)实施塔里木河流域水资源的统一管理,统筹分配上、中、下游水量,调整大农业生产方向,完善流域节水改造配套工程,发展节水型农业,是塔里木河下游受损生态环境恢复与重建的关键。     

Development of a spot plow providing complete inversion for effective weed control

Tillage for the "complete inversion" of soil, that is, overturning soil slices 180° was proposed, a "spot plow" was developed and tested to accomplish the task, and a simulation model was evaluated to demonstrate the efficacy of the plow on weed control. A 360 mm wide spot plow was designed to operate at a speed of 1.9 m s⁻¹ for the spot plowing with the least possible lateral displacement of the soil slice by utilizing the inertia of the soil slice and securely rotating it. In field experiments, complete spot inversion required an operating speed of at least 1.6 m s⁻¹; at lower speeds, a portion of the soil block was left half-inverted and further lowering led to considerable lateral displacement. The displacement in the forward and lateral directions was minimal, implying that spot plowing is suitable for potential application to and verification of the weed population dynamics model in the field. A simple linear matrix model of the population dynamics of annual weeds was proposed, whereby four layers of soil were set to describe tillage and other ecological events. The effect of tillage on weed control was evaluated by the equilibrium reproduction rate allowed to sustain a stable population of weeds. The simulation model showed that alternately changing the depth of spot plowing had a significant effect on controlling weeds of low-survival-rate seeds, even when some incomplete inversion of the soil slice was taken into account.     

坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响

张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。     

帽儿山天然次生林融雪径流可溶性有机碳时间动态及垂直分布

融雪期是北方地区可溶性有机碳(DOC)通过融雪径流从陆地生态系统向河流输出的关键时期,因此观测融雪径流DOC动态对分析流域碳流失至关重要。在帽儿山生态站选取东北东部典型天然次生林建立25 m×25 m的水量平衡场,测定分析2014年融雪期不同土层(5、35、65和95 cm)融雪径流DOC含量和通量的时间动态和垂直分布规律。结果表明: 1) 该融雪期土壤水量输入和输出分别为74.2和15.6 mm,径流率高达21%;融雪期DOC输出量与冬季大气输入量基本持平,分别为0.25和0.22 g/m2。2)高峰期DOC含量与其瞬时流量的相关性随土层而变。5和35 cm土层DOC含量与瞬时流量之间均无显著关系(P0.05);65 cm土层则表现出弱负对数关系(R2=0.29,P0.05),而95 cm土层呈现显著线性正相关(R2=0.43,P0.05)。不同土层DOC瞬时通量与瞬时流量之间均极显著正相关(R20.9,P0.001),且产流量越大的土层,其正相关回归方程的斜率也越大,表明水文驱动土壤DOC流失。3)融雪径流产流量和输出DOC通量大小均表现出35 cm5 cm95 cm65 cm土层趋势,其中5和35 cm土层是DOC的主要输出层,占总输出量的70%,而在融雪高峰期可高达90%。由于土壤的滞留作用,DOC含量波动范围随土层加深而向低浓度收敛。      

Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) mortality in relation to the winter mixed layer depth in the Kuroshio Extension region

A drastic population change in Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) has been noted as being related to winter sea surface temperature (SST) in the Kuroshio Extension region. The former studies suggest two possible explanations. One is that temperature itself affects sardine. The other is that SST represents the environmental change of the Kuroshio Extension region and other causes directly affecting sardine. In this study, we found that sardine mortality from post‐larva to age 1 negatively correlated with the winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the Kuroshio Extension region from 1979 to 1993. During the period of a deep winter mixed layer (during the early 1980s), sardine mortality was low, whereas mortality was high when the winter mixed layer was shallow (during the late 1980s to early 1990s). By using a lower trophic‐level ecosystem model forced by the observed time series of MLD, SST, light intensity and nutrient data, we found that the estimated spring zooplankton density drastically varies from year to year and has a significant negative correlation with sardine mortality. The inter‐annual variation of spring zooplankton density is caused by the winter MLD variation. During the deep winter mixed layer years, a phytoplankton bloom occurs in spring, whereas during the shallow winter mixed layer years, the bloom occurs in winter. The results of our study suggest that the decline in the Japanese sardine population during the late 1980s to early 1990s was due to an insufficient spring food supply in the Kuroshio Extension region where sardine larvae and juvenile are transported.     

Controllability of Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff from Sloping Farmland Treated by Agricultural Practices

Phosphorus (P) loss from arable sloping land due to water erosion causes off‐site environment pollution in the Three Gorges area in China. This study aims to estimate the effects of agricultural practices on the reduction of P losses during water erosion processes under natural precipitation conditions: contour culturing with organic matter addition (CT + OM), contour culturing with wheat straw mulching (CT + SM), contour culturing with straw mulching and organic matter addition (CT + OM + SM) and conventional downslope culturing framework as a control (CK). Results demonstrated that CT + OM + SM could viably diminish runoff, sediment yields and P losses from arable sloping land. Compared with CK, CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM lessened the surface runoff depths by 19%, 34% and 50%, respectively. A high curve number value induced a notable runoff potential from the plot. The surface‐runoff‐related total P (TP) loads for CK with yearly measures of 1·56 kg ha⁻¹ were significantly higher than those for CT + OM, CT + SM and CT + OM + SM at 1·07, 0·77 and 0·51 kg ha⁻¹ (p  < 0·05), respectively. With all things considered, the particulate P losses represented a significant division of TP losses, adding up to almost 80% in 2014 and 79% in 2015. The outcomes demonstrated that surface protection and organic matter addition are two of the greatest agricultural protection practices that lessen P losses in the surface runoff from sloping farmland by water erosion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.